Древнеанглийский язык [Александр Иванович Смирницкий] (pdf) читать онлайн

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BJHIHTh .npyr Ha ,upyra. CoxpaHCHHe B 3TY 3rroxy f, OT.11H4HOro OT r, B ,ll.HaJJeKT3X 3HI'JIO-CaKCOB (T. e. HHrBeOHOB,
BblCeJJHBlllHXcH B Bp11TaHHIO) Mor JIO Haxo,LJ,HTh no,D..n.ep)!(KY
a 3THX cKaH,1.1JJHaso-ttHrseoHCKnx CB513HX V-VI seKos.

§ 49. B

npHMOM OTHomeHttH K poTaUH3MY ttaXO).IHJIOCh
H TaK H33bl83CMOC 33Il3,ll.HOrepMaHCKOe OTna,ri;eHtte KOHe (HYJJb) ropa3JI.O JJY4ille COOTBeTCTByeT BCeMy TOMy, '-ITO
Mb! 3HaeM 0 3BYKOBOM pa3BH.THH repMaHCKHX H3h!KOB, '-ltM
Herrocpe,n:cTBeHHoe HC4esnoBeHHe
KaK TaKOBoro. I1o-

-z

-z

CKOJlhKY ,n:peBHerepMaHCKOe f 110 CBOeMy xapaKTepy ,llOJI:lKHO
6bJJIO 6bITh 6oJJee HJJH MeHee noxome Ha coBpeMeHHoe
IO)f{HOaHfJIHHCKOe r, 110CTOJlhKY TaK Ha3b!BaeMoe sana,llHO-

-z

repMaHCKOe OTrra.n:eHHe
CJie,n:yeT, 6hITb MO:lKeT, npe.n:CTaBJJ51Tb ce6e B BH,lle 51BJltHH51, B 3Ha 4HTeJihHOI1 Mepe
rro,n:o6HOfO yTpaTe KOHe'-IHOfO -r B !O)KHOaHrJJHHCKOM (cp.
*maiz > *mar> i.Ja. ma, C OJI.HOH CTOpOHbl, H iJa. mara >
mor(e) > 11.a. more [m):]-c ,n:pyroii).
flepexo,n: z > f s ceBepHopyH1P1ec1{0M H B co6cTBtHHO ,
CKaHJI.HHaBCKHX 513b!Kax, Tai{ )Ke Kai{ H B sarra,n:HorepMaHCKHX,
CJienyeT paccMaTpHBaTb KaK H3MtHeHHe B CTOpOHY OCJia6JJeHH51. 0.n:HaKO a.n:ech, B 43CTHOCTH HMeHHO B CKaH,n:H.HaBCKHX 513h!Kax, KOHt4HOe -f He HC4e3aJJO, a nepeXO,llHJIO
,n:aJiee B -r, T. e. COBna.n:aJio co CTapb!M -r. 3TO OTJ!H'-IH.e
pa3BH.TH51 -f B CKaH,llHHaBCKHX JI.HaJleKTaX OT TOfO, 4TO Mbl
Ha6JJIO,llaeM B aana.n:HorepMaHCKHX, CJJe,n:yeT' .n:yMaeTCH,
IlOCTaBHTh B CB513h c H3BtCTHblM B CKaHJI.HHaBCKHX Jl3b!Kax
.11peBHHM 0 r Jl y III e H H e M KOHt'-IHb!X car JiaCHhIX, T. e.

86

c HBJieHHeM, KOTOpoe, KaK roeopHJIOCh, 6b!JIO HeH3BeCTHO
13 .n:peBHeihuy10 3noxy pa3BHTHH 3arra.n:HorepMaHCKHX JI:HaJieKTOB.
B OTJJH'-!He OT -f H3 -z, CTapoe -r a o6w:eM coxpaHHJIOCh
so ecex .n:pesHerepMaHCKHX H3bIKax. CJJe,n:oBaTeJJhHO, HeCMOTpH Ha csoif COHOpHbll':l: xapaKTep, 3TO -r 6b!JIO sceTaKH 6oJJee CHJibHbIM, YeM 3arra.n:HorepMaHCKOe -f KO speMeHH OTTia,n:eHH5I. Hy)l{HO 3aMeTHTh H TO, '-ITO CTapoe -r
Jlep)!{aJIOCh B 3110XY OTna.n.eHHH KOHe'lHb!X 3y6Hh!X (= ue.
-d, -t). 3THM T3K)!{e no.n:rsep)l{,n:aeTCH cpaBHHTeJibHO CHJihHOe npott3HoweHHe CTaporo -r. f1pe.n:noJiaraeTCH, YTO raxoe
rrpoH3HOilleHHC 3TOro 3ByKa 6hJJIO CBH33HO c ero BH6paHTHblM
xapaKTCpoM, KOTOpblM OHO OTJIHYaJIOCb OT BCCX npOYHX
cor JJaCHblX, a B 'laCTHOCTI{ - H OT f • .llefiCTBHTCJibHO, noKa
r npOH3HOCHJIOCb KaK ,n:p0)!{311T,HH (HJIH y.n,apHb!H) corJiacHblH, ).l,OJI/f\:eH 6bIJI coxpaHHTbCH HCKOTOpbIH onpe.n,e.rreHHblH
MHHHMYM 9HeprHH npOH3HOillCHHH, He06XO).l,HMblH JI:JIH BH6pHpo8aHfUI H3b!Ka. f1pH 6oJihWeM OCJia6JieHHH r nepecTaJIO
6bl 6bITh BH6paHTOM, OHO cyw:ecTBCHHblM o6pa30M H3MeHHJIO 6b1 csoii cne~HcflH'-lecKHH xapaKTep, yTpaTHJIO 6br
ceoe OCHOBHOe OT.'lH'-IHe OT f. HarrpOTHB, 0CJia6JieHHe f He
BeJio K KOpeHHOMY H3MeHeHIH-O ero OTJIH'-IHH OT CTaporo r.
003TOMY TaKoe OCJia6JieHHe J\llOrJIO rrpoHCXOJI:HTb 6e3 3aMeTHOfO, Ha K3)!{.lJ.0M ).l,aHHOM 3Tarre, HapyrneHHH .n:aHHOro
COOTHOII1eHl1H Mem.n.y f H CTapbIM r. B rrpouecce TaKoro
ocJia6JieHHff B 6JJaronpHffTHhIX ).l,JIH 3Toro ycJIOBHHX, a
HMCHHO - B HCXO.n:e CJIOBa, -f IlOCTerreHHO CTaJio 3HaYHTeJibHO 6oJiee CJI36bIM, '-leM -r, H, HaKOHeU, rrepecTaJIO
rrpOH3HOCHThCH. flocJie 3TOrO OTna.n:eHHH -f coxpaHeHHC
npe)l{Hero pa3JlH4HH Me)J{.n,y f H cTapbIM r y)!{e ae onpae,n:h1aaJIOCb B ,ll.OCT3T04HOR Mepe: cfloHeMa f CTaJia BCTpe'l3TbCH cpasHHTeJihHO pe,n:1.
Cp.
pirda HapH.ny c pridda nzpemuu z. pridja, au.
prioi,
thriddio,
dritto; irnan, yrnan HapH.ll.Y
c rinnan 6eJ1Camb, cmpeMumbCR
z.
OBlt. rinnan;i:Ja. hors *hros .IWULaiJb iJu. hross,
hros, iJB1t. (h )ros.
KaK BH,11.HO H3 rrpHM~pos, HapH.ny c cpopMaMH c MeTaTe3oH, BCTpe'-IaIOTCH H ¢opMhl 6e3 3TOH MeTaTe3bl. B 6oJJbIIIHHCTBe CJJy'-laes MeTaTe3a r rrpOH30lllJl3 IIOCJJe rrpeJ!OMJJeHHH r JJaCHblX nepe.n CO'-!eTaHHeM «r
cor JJaCHbJH))
(§§ 91-95), TaK K3K npeJJOMJJeHrre 06bl'!HO He H36JJIO,LLaeTCR,
eCJJH 3TO CO'-!eTaHrre B03H!1KJJO JJl1illb B pe3yJJbT3Te MaTaTe3bl.

oa.

ac.
<

oa.

aaH.

I

II

II

oc.
oc.

+

,llpestteattr.llttHCliHe .IlBOHHhie (.noJirHe) cor .rracttbie
B pe3yJJbTaTe y JlBOeHHSI npOCTblX (HpaTliHX)
a) Depe.ll.

§ 51.

j

,LipesneaHr JJl1HCKHe .nsor1nb1e cor JJaCHbie, KpoMe rr
ij BeJJapHb!X CMbl'-IHbIX, MoryT BOCXO,llHTb K rrpOCTbJM corJiaCHblM B IIOJJO)!{:eHHH Mem)l.y KpaTKHM r JJ3CHblM 11 CTa-

89

pblM [j_], HC4e3HYBWHM B 6oJiee II03,ll,Hl010 ,ll.OJ!HTepaTypHyIO
3rroxy.
Cp. aa. scieppan < *skapjanan moopamb, cosaaBamb
11 2. skapjan;- aa. sittan < *setjanan cuiJemb 11 au. sitia
[ sftja] - rrpH rrpowe,nureM BpeMeHH TeX >KC r JJ3fOJIOB aa.
scop, sret;- aa. srnippe < *stnipjon KY31tuu,a II au. sn1ioia
[-ja], rrpH aa. smip KY3Heu,;-aa. tellan KC CHO Ba CTaJJO Be.11apHblM nepen.
se.11apHbIM r JJaCHbIM.
Cp. aa. sib(b) < *seojo poacm10, iJpyJ1C6a, AtUp ll 2.
sibja, au. sif [-b) (B e,u. '!. 06bI4HO TO.'lbKO h'.aK HMH 60fHHH), MR. sifiar;-iJa. ribbum ,11,aT. MH. K rib(h) < *reojan
pe6po 1\ iJu. rif [-DJ, ,U3T. MH. rifiu111;-ca. lec:san -1.x-J cMeHmbcR
II 2. hlahjan.-- Cp. T3K>Ke aa. bicldan < *beojanan npocumb, AtOAUmb I\ 2. bidja, OU. bioia [-ja]; HO TaK KaK CTapoe *CJ Boo6me npeRpaTHJIOCb B d (§ 46), TO R03MO)l{HO,
'lTO B CJIJ43JIX co CTa pb!M *iJ y .z:tBaHDaJIOCb y)f{e He *o,
a paas11sweecH H3 Hero d.
KaK cTapoe r, TaK H r H3 *z (§ 47-48), He y.a.sa11sa.11ocb rrepe,n [j]: cp. oa. erian < *arjanan naxamb II z.
arjan;- aa. herian < *x_azjanan 80CXllGAfllflb 11 2. hazjan.
BosMO)f{HO, 4TO y;:i:BoeH11e r He npo11cxo;'JJfJIO noToMy, 4TO
noc.11e r B COOTBeTCTBYIOlIJ}IX c.11y4aHX 6b!JI() 11e [J], a i.
YAsoe1111.e rrocJie .n.o.11r:11x r.TJaCHbIX He 11a6.1110JiaeTCH,
Tai< K3K TIOCJie JJ;OJ!fHX CJ!OrOB CTapoMy [jJ c JJ.peBHeii:wHX
BpeMeH COOTBCTCTBOBa.110 i (c.11or0Boe). TaKHM o6pa30M,
eCJIH He C4HT3Th CJiyYaeB c r, KOTOpble MoryT HMeTb

oa.

90

1

paaJJH4Hoe 06bacHeH11e, corJiaCHbie B c er ,ll a y .n. s a 11 s aJJ ff ch, e c JI H 33 H11Ml1 CJie.uosaJJ JJ,eitCTBl1TeJibHO [j J, a He i.

6) 0 e p e ,U C 0 H 0 pH bl M H C 0 r JI a C H bl M 11
§ 52. .lloBOJ!bHO

BCTpet:iaIOTCR ,UBOMHbie corJiaCf{bie, oco6eHHO r Jiyx11e, 113 CTa pb!X rrpOCTb!X B IIOJ!O}f{eHHl1
uepen r, pe)f{e - nepe.n. l, raK}f{e tt s Tex c.'lyt:iaRx, Kor na
Me)f{,n:y cor.riacHbIMH H r 11.TIH I paasttJICR :ineHrer1 mm;-oa. sippan a.
CT p
[j]

H M e 'I a H H e:

Bcne]l.CTBHe HepeJJ.KOfO HC'le3HOBeHHSI

H BCJieJJ.CT BHe coxpaHeHHH BenapHbIX

T3JlbHblMH

rnaCHbIMH,

B03HHKIIIHMH

B

I

H

cor nacHblX

nepeJJ. na11a·

pe3yJJbTaTe

Il3Jl3T3JlbHOH

nepernacoBKH, Bee nana1aJJbHble cornacttble, KpoMe [~, r~J, c1airn
B JJ.pestteaHrJIHikKOM C3MOCTOHTeJlbHhIMH
l!HIO K

COOTBeTCTBJIOIUHM

[~

cp. TaKlKe

< 1,]

BenapHbIM (cp.

¢oHeMaMH

§ 37.

no

OTHOllle-

0THOCHTeJJbHO

§ 57.)

§ 56. B Ha'-l:aJie JJHTepaTypHoii 3IIOXH (VII-VIII ss.)
(k] B COl!eTaHHH [skJ naJJaTaJJH30BaJ!OCh BO scex Tex CJJy'-l:aHX, r)l.e OHO He no)l.sepraJ10Ch 6oJiee paHHeH: naJJaTaJJHaal)Hli nepe)l. naJJaTaJ!hHhlMH rJJaCHbIMH (§ 55).
Cp. da. scacan < "'skakan . . . mpRcmu (>Ha. shake
[Je1k]) II au. skaka;-iJa. sci.ir < "'skuru ... .11.useHb (>HQ.
shower [fall;}]) II z. skiira, OH. ski.tr;- aa. resc < "'resk ...
RceHb (>Ha. ash [ref]) II au. askr.

§ 57. B 6oJJee noa)l.Hee speMn (IX-XI BB.) [x] naJiaTaJIHaosaJJoCh nepe)l. ay6HhIMH corJiaCHhIMli, 3a KOTOpblMi1
He CJJe)l.OBaJI BeJJapHb!H rJJaCHbIH, npRl!eM 3Ta naJJaTaJIH3a94

UHR, B CBOIO 04epe.u.h, Bbl3BaJia naJiaTaJIH3aU:HIO npe.u.weCT-

1TOHfOB: Cp. aa. riht [--;t] < reoht
[-xt] npasuAbHblU, npRMOii. KpoMe Toro, [X] H [g] naJiaraJIH30BaJIHCh Ta1 iJa.

a)

Co r JI a c H bl e

B

c Ta po M

p

11 c x o .u e

c JI o B a

3y6Hble COfJI3CHble t,
(*o), •z H n B CTapoM
Hcxo.n:e CJJOBa (T. e. eCJJH OHH 6bIJJH KOHe'-!Hb!MH c .upeBlleHIIIHX BpeMeH) O'-!eHb pauo HC'-le3JJH B .upeBHeaur JJHffCKOM;
HO Herrocpe.ucTBeHHO IIOCJJe KpaTKOfO y .n:apuoro r JJ3CHOf0

§ 62.

4-1719

97

CTapb1e KOHe'lHhie t H n, nOBH,IUIMOMy, 3aKOHOMepHO coxpaHHJIHCh (cM. HH1I

n p 11 M e 4 a 11 11 e:

.[lpeBHeaHr!JltHCKl1e

BCTpe'lalOTOI H B npyr11x ycJJOBl!HX (cp. §§

IX

-r.u 43CTO
115-117). c KOHUJ

i 113 e 11 U H3

y rroSIBJrnercsi 11a Mecre y3cceKcKoro ie pa3JJHKe C i < e) - npH oa. npHl(.
2-M beden, le;:sen, seten.
2. u < •u (y H3 u B pe3yJihTaTe naJiaTaJihHOH neperJiaCOBKH): cp. aa. ;:sylden < *gulp'in < *gt°dpinaz ( II z. gulpeins)
3oAomou, byc;:san < 'buggjan < 'ougjanan ( II z. bugjan) ·
on.fla'{,ueamb,
noKynamb,
cyssan < *kussian < *kussianan
u,eAoBamb - npH da. ;:sold 30.llomo, bohte nporn. Bp. K
byc;:san, coss nou,eAyu - c o H3 •u (§ 80).
3. iu < *eii (yacc. ie H3 iu, aHiACK. Ke1tmcK. lo H3 iu;
T3IOKe llltZACK. i, Mepc. c IX B. eo): cp. aa. yacc. elpiedi;:s, afiZACK. Ke1tmcK. el-piodi;:s < 'reli-piudig < *aljapeuoigaz 'lyJ1Cecmpa1t1tbtU ( «u1to1tapoo1tbtii» ), yacc. llehtan, KefimcK. llohtan (afiZACK. lihtan c i BMecTo io nepe.n: h)
< liu;TOHrH le, lo,

eO, ea,

B03HHK!llHe B pe3yJihTaTe JI.Hcl>ToHrH3aUHH r JiaCHblX IIOCJie naJiaTaJibHblX cor JiaCHblX, 06b!lJHO HMeIOT CJ1e.n.y10w.ee npottcxom.n.eHlle:
113 BOCXO)l!l!UllX
illlKeHHe r JiaCHhIX 3BYKOB
Jl.BYX pa3HbIX CJIOfOB B 0)1.HH )J.OJlfHH r J13CHbIH HJIH )J.OJJrHH
,nHcpTOHr npoH30IIIJIO 60.JibIIIeH lJaCTbIO B HalJaJie JIHTepaTYPHOH 3noxH. CTH>KeHHIO no)J.BepraJIHCb KaK rJiaCHble,
c JI.peBHeHUJHX BpeMeH HaXO)J.HBUJHeCH B Henocpe)J.CTBeHHOM
coce.11.cTBe .11.pyr c .11.pyroM, T3K JI r JiaCHbie, npHrneJI.rnHe
B corrpHKOCHOBeHHe .11.pyr c .11.pyroM JIHIIIb BCJie)J.CTBHe Bbl'

134

11a.n:eHIUI cor JiaCHoro Me>K.n:y HHMH (a 60.'IbllIHHCTBe cny11aes -h; cM. § 69).
Ba){{tteti:rnHMH cJiy'-laHMH CTH>KeHHH r JiaCHhIX B ,n:pesHeaHrJJHHCKOM HBJIHIOTCH CJie,11:y10w.11e:

1.

CTaJiaTaJihHhiii rJiaCHbIH: BO BTopoM (6e3y,n:apHOM) CJiore o6bI4HO IlO.IIHOCTb!O norJIOW,aeTC51 r JI3CHbIM
nepsoro (yJLapttoro) cJiora: cp. iJa. dep < de£p < *dce-ip
(< •oo-epi) iJe;zaem (HHcp. don); cu< *kure ( < *ko-+-oz)
poJL. eJL. K cu KOposa rrpH OJLHOTHOHOM boce < bocre
(KHOe ie HJIH
(a y3cCeKCKOM .UHaJieKTe) CJIHBaeTC51 B JLHcpTOHr ie: cp.
sie 3 JI. eJL. cocJI. HacT. K wesan 6btmb \\ 2. sijai K
wisan; - iJa. hie BHH. eJL. ei!- octtoaa hi- (ttanpHMep
a J(aT. po.n. hi-re)+oKOH'-latttte eJL. )!