Программирование: введение в профессию [Андрей Викторович Столяров] (pdf) читать онлайн

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ПУБЛИЧНАЯ ЛИЦЕНЗИЯ
Учебное пособие Андрея Викторовича Столярова «Программирование: введение в профессию» в трёх томах, опубликованное в издательстве МАКС Пресс в 2021 году, называемое далее «Произведением», защищено действующим российским и международным
авторско-правовым законодательством. Все права на Произведение, предусмотренные законом, как имущественные, так и неимущественные, принадлежат его автору.
Настоящая Лицензия устанавливает способы использования электронной версии Произведения, право на которые предоставлено автором и правообладателем неограниченному
кругу лиц, при условии безоговорочного принятия этими лицами всех условий данной Лицензии. Любое использование Произведения, не соответствующее условиям данной Лиценции, а равно и использование Произведения лицами, не согласными с условиями Лицензии,
возможно только при наличии письменного разрешения автора и правообладателя, а при
отсутствии такого разрешения является противозаконным и преследуется в рамках гражданского, административного и уголовного права.
Автор и правообладатель настоящим разрешает следующие виды использования данного файла, являющегося электронным представлением Произведения, без уведомления правообладателя и без выплаты авторского вознаграждения:
1) воспроизведение Произведения (полностью или частично) на бумаге путём распечатки с
помощью принтера в одном экземпляре для удовлетворения личных бытовых или учебных потребностей, без права передачи воспроизведённого экземпляра другим лицам;
2) копирование и распространение данного файла в электронном виде, в том числе путём
записи на физические носители и путём передачи по компьютерным сетям, с соблюдением следующих условий: (1) все воспроизведённые и передаваемые любым
лицам экземпляры файла являются точными копиями оригинального файла в формате PDF, при копировании не производится никаких изъятий, сокращений,
дополнений, искажений и любых других изменений, включая изменение формата представления файла; (2) распространение и передача копий другим лицам производится исключительно бесплатно, то есть при передаче не взимается никакое
вознаграждение ни в какой форме, в том числе в форме просмотра рекламы, в форме платы за носитель или за сам акт копирования и передачи, даже если такая плата
оказывается значительно меньше фактической стоимости или себестоимости носителя,
акта копирования и т. п.
Любые другие способы распространения данного файла при отсутствии письменного разрешения автора запрещены. В частности, запрещается: внесение каких-либо изменений в
данный файл, создание и распространение искажённых экземпляров, в том числе экземпляров, содержащих какую-либо часть произведения; распространение данного файла в
Сети Интернет через веб-сайты, оказывающие платные услуги, через сайты коммерческих
компаний и индивидуальных предпринимателей (включая файлообменные и любые другие
сервисы, организованные в Сети Интернет коммерческими компаниями, в том числе бесплатные), а также через сайты, содержащие рекламу любого рода; продажа и обмен
физических носителей, содержащих данный файл, даже если вознаграждение значительно
меньше себестоимости носителя; включение данного файла в состав каких-либо информационных и иных продуктов; распространение данного файла в составе какой-либо платной
услуги или в дополнение к такой услуге. С другой стороны, разрешается дарение (бесплатная передача) носителей, содержащих данный файл, бесплатная запись данного файла
на носители, принадлежащие другим пользователям, распространение данного файла через бесплатные децентрализованные файлообменные P2P-сети и т. п. Ссылки на экземпляр
файла, расположенный на официальном сайте автора, разрешены без ограничений.
А. В. Столяров запрещает Российскому авторскому обществу и любым другим организациям производить любого рода лицензирование любых его произведений и осуществлять в интересах автора какую бы то ни было иную связанную
с авторскими правами деятельность без его письменного разрешения.

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